Introduction

The biography of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ serves as a foundational aspect of belief, creed, and the spiritual life of Muslims.¹Some insights and analyses from this article draw from my work: Bakali, N. (2021). Seerah (Prophetic history): Curriculum reality and ideals. In N. Memon, M. Alhashmi, & M. Abdalla, Curriculum renewal for Islamic education: Critical perspectives on teaching Islam in primary and secondary schools (pp. 63-76). London: Routledge. This point was eloquently emphasized in the Prophet’s final address to the Muslim community in what has been referred to as the khutbah hajjatul widaa’, or the sermon of the farewell pilgrimage. This was a sermon delivered by the Prophet Mohammad ﷺ in the 10th year after the hijrah, or migration to Madinah, shortly before his death.²This event is considered one of the most important addresses in Islamic history, as it was one of the last formal addresses from the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, which came at the culmination of his Prophethood and the spiritual example that he set for the Muslim community. In this address, the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ mentions all the essential aspects, beliefs, and practices in Islam with acumen, concision, and eloquence. Before closing his address and asking the people to convey his message to those who were not present, the Prophet ﷺ stated, “Reason well, therefore, O people, and understand words which, I convey to you. I leave behind me two things, the Qu’ran and my example, the Sunnah, and if you follow these you will never go astray.”³Musnad of Imam Ahmad Hadith 19774 has provided the most complete version of this sermon. As such, Muslims believe that the example and life of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, in and of itself, is a form of guidance for Muslims. This idea is reinforced in the Quran [3 (Surah Ali-Imran):31], “Say, if you love God, follow me (i.e. Prophet Muhammad ﷺ), and God will love you and forgive you your sins”.⁴Nasr, S. A., et al., (2015), The study Quran: A new translation and commentary, p. 140. Harper Collins.

In other words, according to Muslim belief, true devotion to God can only be achieved through following the example of the Prophet ﷺ. It can be inferred from these examples that the study of the life and example of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ is an essential discipline in any type of formal Islamic educational curriculum. Learning about the life of the Prophet ﷺ can broadly be approached through: the science of hadith, which are comprised of the Prophet’s sayings, actions, and his tacit approvals; the shama’il, which are descriptions of the Prophet’s appearance, manners, and life; Khasa’is, which are the descriptions of the virtues of the Prophet ﷺ; as well as through the sīrah, which is referred to as the biography of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ documented in volumes devoted to this topic.

The focus of this article is to examine the sīrah as an Islamic academic discipline for K-12 curricula in Western contexts. The purpose is to provide educators with a sense of why the sīrah is an essential discipline, the sources it is derived from, and how it has been approached through various Islamic educational curricula, specifically examining the ‘I love Islam’ educational series.⁵Recently the series has been rebranded as ‘My Islamic Books’, however they are still being published as ‘I Love Islam’. The reason it may be useful to examine this particular curriculum is because the ‘I love Islam’ program is regularly employed in North American Islamic educational settings, as well as various international contexts around the world. As such, critical analysis of this curriculum is useful for both domestic North American educators, as well as educators in different nations who employ this curriculum. The ‘I love Islam’ series discusses the topic of sīrah through a chronological approach exploring events in the life of the Prophet ﷺ in a linear fashion. In addition to examining this curriculum’s teaching of the sīrah, this article will also examine how the topic of sīrah has been assessed and evaluated using the The Islamic Studies Standardized Tests (ISST) standard, to better understand the learning outcomes and objectives of learning the sīrah through various Islamic educational curricula. This article concludes by discussing possible ways forward in the teaching of this discipline. I now turn to discuss why sīrah has been and continues to be studied by Muslims all around the world and its traditional sources.  

The Importance of sīrah in an Islamic Educational Curriculum and its Traditional Sources

Definition

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The term ‘sīrah’ is an Arabic noun. The Arabic language, like other Semitic languages, derives nouns from a triliteral root system. ‘Sīrah’ is a noun derived from the root saara (sa-ya-ra), which is a verb that denotes to move along, traverse, to travel, or to journey.⁶Cowan, J. M., (1994), The Hans Wehr dictionary of modern written Arabic, 4th edition. Otto Harrassowitz. The term ‘sīrah’ as an indefinite noun takes on the meaning of ‘way of walking; march; way of acting, conduct; life…course of life; biography’.⁷Ibid, p. 522. When the definite article of ‘Al-‘ is attached to the term ‘sīrah’ it refers specifically to the biography of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. From the etymological roots of the term ‘sīrah’, one can infer that the reason ‘sīrah’ is derived from the root saara is because by learning about a person’s life, one is essentially traveling along that person’s path or journey, or walking in their footsteps. It is for this reason that the ‘sīrah’ of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, as an academic discipline, holds such high and honorable esteem in the lives of Muslims. For the purposes of this article, reference to the term ‘sīrah’, without the use of the definite article ‘Al’, will also denote the biography, life, and way of the Prophet ﷺ. To begin, we will first briefly describe why the sīrah was formalized into an academic discipline among the various Islamic sciences and why the topic of the sīrah commonly forms a foundational subject in most contemporary Islamic educational curricula.

Sources of sīrah

The two primary sources of knowledge in Islam are the Quran and sunnah (example of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ).⁸Ramadan, T., (2017), Introduction to Islam. Oxford University Press. The authority of the Prophet ﷺ comes second only to the Quran, as implied in the verse “And obey God and the Messenger, that haply you may receive mercy” [3:132].⁹Nasr, S. A., et al., (2015), The study Quran: A new translation and commentary, p. 166. Harper Collins

The primacy of the Prophet’s example is also reinforced by his status as a legislator. As the Quran states “Those who follow the Messenger…who enjoins upon them what is right, and forbids them what is wrong, and makes good things lawful for them, and forbids them bad things” [Surah Al A’raf 7:157].¹⁰Ibid, p. 460

There are numerous instances in the Quran where Muslims are commanded to follow the example and conduct of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. In addition to verse 31, chapter 3 mentioned above, other places in the Quran reiterate the same message. Chapter 33 (Surah Al-Ahzab), verse 21 states: “Indeed, you have in the Messenger of God a beautiful example for those who hope for God and the Last Day, and remember God much.”¹¹Ibid, p. 1025

Muslims have interpreted this verse in various ways, however; the general import of this verse implies that Muslims can learn from the example of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ in various spheres and aspects of their lives. For example, the Prophet ﷺ was a spouse; through his example, Muslims can learn how to behave with their spouses. The Prophet ﷺ was also a statesman, a military commander, a father, a son, and a businessman. These are all domains that Muslims can learn from the Prophet’s example. Through the example of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, there is a living example of what ideal and perfect conduct should look like. It is not an abstract or theoretical discussion. Rather, the Prophet ﷺ embodied the best morals, character, and code of conduct that should be emulated in the various spheres that one occupies in life. 

The other primary reason the sīrah holds such a high and important position in contemporary Islamic educational curricula is because it helps Muslims understand the Quran in its proper context. As the Quran states in chapter 16 (Surah An-Nahl), verse 44: “And We have sent down the Reminder (i.e. the Quran) unto thee (the Prophet) that thou mightest clarify for mankind that which has been sent down unto them, that haply they may reflect”.¹²Ibid, pp. 667-668.

As such, the Prophet ﷺ is an expounder of the Quran. Some of the verses of the Quran hold clear, literal meanings that can be interpreted outside of a specific context. However, many verses of the Quran were revealed for specific purposes over the span of 23 years of revelation and have a specific application or meaning tied to them.¹³Ibid, General Introduction. As such, studying the sirah can help contextualize some verses of the Quran, giving the reader a deeper understanding of these verses.

The Sunnah of the Prophet ﷺ is explained through hadith. Hadith literature encompasses a number of volumes and compilations by various authors from approximately the 9th century CE onwards.  Analysis of hadith is an expansive Islamic discipline, which ranks the various sayings of the Prophet ﷺ from rigorously authenticated to fabricated. The most renowned of these books, referred to as al-Sihah al-Sittah (The Authentic Six), are the collections of Sahih Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, Sunan Abu Dawud, Jami al-Tirmidhi, Sunan al-Sughra al-Nisaa’I, and Sunan ibn Majah.¹⁴Siddiqi, M. (1996), Hadith literature: Its origin, development, and special features. Islamic Texts Society. By studying the biography of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, Muslims are able to better understand the specific rulings, as well as acquire a more nuanced and deeper understanding of the verses and stories outlined in the Quran and hadith literature. 

This point is particularly relevant when, for example, discussing the infamous ‘verse of the sword’ [chapter 9 (Surah At-Tawbah), verse 5], in which part of the verse states: “slay the idolaters wheresoever you find them, capture them, besiege them, and lie in wait for them at every place of ambush.”¹⁵Nasr, S. A., et al., (2015), The study Quran: A new translation and commentary, p. 506. Harper Collins. By reading this verse holistically, within the context of its revelation, and through the lens of the sīrah, it is quite obvious and clear that this verse is describing a specific circumstance and does not hold a general application. As such, through the study of the sīrah, there is greater potential for the Quran and hadith literature to be understood more fully and in a historical context. As is clear from the above discussion, sīrah is an important Islamic discipline that forms an essential component in an Islamic educational curriculum. There are several foundational sources of the sīrah that help us understand how this discipline developed and has evolved over the years.     

The sīrah is an academic discipline that historically has been derived from several sources.  Two important sources are the Quran and hadith literature. Both provide details of instances and stories of the Prophet Muhammad’s life from his birth until his death. For example, chapter 80 of the Quran describes a moment in the Prophet’s life, when a blind man came to the Prophet ﷺ seeking religious guidance and the Prophet ﷺ  turned away because he was inviting more prominent members of society to Islam. The Quran mildly admonished the Prophet ﷺ for this incident. In another instance in the Quran, chapter 33 discusses the circumstances and events surrounding the Prophet’s marriage to his adopted son’s ex-wife, Zaynab , which was a prohibited custom in pre-Islamic Arabia. Similarly in the hadith literature, we are replete with stories and examples of the Prophet’s life. In one hadith narrated by the Prophet’s wife Aisha , she mentions the Prophet’s playful nature with his family and how they would race one another.¹⁶Sunan Abu Dawud, hadith number 2578. In another hadith, also narrated by the Prophet’s wife Aisha , she asked him if he had encountered a day more difficult than the loss at the battle of Uhud, whereupon the Prophet ﷺ discussed his expulsion and brutal treatment from residence in the city of Ta’if prior to his migration to Madinah.¹⁷Sahih al-Bukhari, hadith number 3059. What is important to note here, is that these two sources of the sīrah do not give a chronological account of the Prophet Muhammad’s life. Rather, various moments of the Prophet’s ﷺ life are captured but these moments are not constructed as a coherent narrative of his life story.

Beyond the Quran and hadith literature, the main sources of sīrah are books specifically devoted to documenting the biography of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. These sources began to emerge in the generation after the companions of the Prophet. Some chroniclers were the sons of companions of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. The most famous of these was ‘Urwa ibn Zubair (d.713 CE), who was the son of the famous companion Zubair ibn Awwam (d.656 CE), as well as the nephew of the famous wife of the Prophet ﷺ, Aisha bint Abi Bakr (d. 678 CE). Another famous chronicler from this early generation was ibn Shihab Az-Zuhri (d.741 CE). However, the works of these early scholars are no longer in existence today. Their works are referenced by other early scholars documenting the sīrah. The generation after this saw the emergence of the most renowned and comprehensive compilation of the sīrah, the sīrah of Muhammad ibn Ishaq (d. 768 CE). This momentous volume was written within the first two centuries of the hijri Islamic calendar.¹⁸The hijri calendar is the Islamic lunar calendar. Its starting point is the event in the sīrah called the hijrah, or migration of the Prophet from Makkah to Madina in 622 CE This work compiled the biography of the Prophet ﷺ in chronological order with a chain of narrators. The work of ibn Ishaq no longer exists as a stand-alone text. However, the work of Abdul Malik ibn Hisham (d. 833 CE), al- sīrah al-Nabawiyyah, which summarized the work of ibn Ishaq in the third century of the hijra, continues to exist and is considered one of the earliest and most comprehensive works on the biography of the Prophet ﷺ.

To this day, ibn Hisham’s work on the sīrah is considered to be one of the most important sources of sīrah. However, there have been some important contemporary sīrah volumes, which fall under the ‘Sahih Al-sīrah’, or authenticated sīrahliterature. These include the works Sahih al-sīrah al-Nabawwiyya by Ibrahim al-‘Ali (1995), al-sīrah al-Nabawwiyya: ‘Ard waqa’I wa-ahdath by Ali Muhammad Al-Salabi (2008), Ar-Raheeq al-Makhtum: The Sealed Nectar by Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri, as well as others. It is noteworthy that the sīrah, as an academic discipline, was being organized and codified even before the hadith literature, which took place in the third century of the hijra.¹⁹Siddiqi, M. (1996), Hadith literature: Its origin, development, and special features. Islamic Texts Society. This points to the importance the early generation of Muslim scholars gave to the study and documentation of the biography of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. It is critical to note here that in these traditional works, there was not as much academic rigor for the authentication of the sīrah, as there was for the compilation of hadith literature. As the hadith literature is one of the most important sources for deriving Islamic law, an entire science of hadith compilation developed to ascertain the veracity of the sayings of the Prophet ﷺ. This level of rigor and authentication is not present in the traditional compilations of sīrah, as it is not considered a source for deriving Islamic law. However, several more contemporary works have been developed to provide a more rigorously authenticated narrative of the Prophet Muhammad’s biography.

Having described why the study of the sīrah is essential for Muslims and its traditional sources, the article now turns to discuss how the topic of sīrah has been taught through 1-12 Islamic educational curricula in Western contexts.

Analysis of Islamic Educational Curricula and How it addresses the Topic of the sīrah

The ‘I love Islam’ series

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‘I love Islam’ is an American-based Islamic curriculum developed by Islamic Services Foundation, based in Dallas, Texas. The ‘I love Islam’ series is an extremely popular Islamic educational curriculum and has been used widely in North America and internationally. The ‘I love Islam’ curriculum covers several essential Islamic themes and topics for grade levels 1 to 12. The topic of sīrah is covered throughout the years 1 to 12 with varying levels of focus at the different grade levels. For the most part, the ‘I love Islam’ series covers the topic of sīrah in a linear fashion throughout the grade levels. As such, major chronological historical events serve as the basis for lessons and topics that are covered in the textbooks. For example, year one of the textbooks begins with basic information about who the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ was, what Muslim beliefs are about him, and other basic biographical information. 

The chapter proceeds by describing a linear historical account of the biography of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ beginning with his birth, parents, lineage, and clan, as well as major events in his life prior to the advent of prophethood, such as the death of his father, his upbringing with his foster mother Halima, and the death of his mother.²⁰Islamic Services Foundation (2012), I love Islam 1, international edition. In addition to basic biographical information, the year one book of ‘I love Islam’ also covers qualities and characteristics about the Prophet ﷺ. In chapter 3 of the first book, entitled ‘Muhammad worked hard’, the chapter touches on Prophet Muhammad’s early work as a shepherd, his kind and merciful treatment of animals, and his good qualities and dealings with other people.²¹Ibid. In this discussion of ‘Muhammad worked hard’ there is some break from a linear historical account of the sīrah and some focus on thematic issues.

Another issue that becomes obvious when examining the ‘I love Islam’ curriculum is that there is considerable redundancy of topics and themes covered from year to year. For example, years 1 to 3 all cover basic features and characteristics of the Prophet’s childhood and his family members without providing a substantial difference in content. It is understandable that there will be some overlap when covering the sīrah from one grade level to the next, however, when the assessments in the textbook do not require students to delve into a deeper analysis of these themes and the primary focus is on surface-level learning and the recall of factual information about historical figures and events, inevitably, students will be only engaging with lower-order thinking skills, such as defining, recalling, listing, and describing.²²Stern, J. & Ferrero, K. (2017), Tools for teaching conceptual understanding: Designing lessons and assessments for deep learning. Corwin The study of the sīrah should have relevance in the lives of students. They should be able to make meaningful connections to the life story of the Prophet ﷺ for their spiritual enrichment and to develop a deeper understanding of the primary sources of knowledge in Islam, the Quran and Sunnah. One must question if these objectives are attained through the memorization of historical facts and events. 

The topic of sīrah becomes less emphasized in later years of the ‘I love Islam’ curriculum. From year 6 onwards, most of the discussion of the sīrah relates to historical events of the Medinan period, the period after the Prophet Muhammad ﷺmigrated from Makkah to Madinah and become the head of state. Similar to the Makkan period of the sīrah, the Madinan period described in the ‘I love Islam’ curriculum focuses on the retention of factual information such as descriptions of important events, names of key companions of the Prophet ﷺ, and individuals or groups that were allied to the Prophet ﷺ or hostile towards him. Consequently, students are rarely challenged to engage in higher-order thinking processes such as analyzing, synthesizing, and creating original work to demonstrate a deeper conceptual understanding of themes in the sīrah. For example, instead of recalling specific events, such as battles of the Prophet ﷺ and when they occurred, students can explore why these conflicts arose to understand the notion of a just conflict, and how the nature of these conflicts evolved as the conditions of Muslim community evolved. Instead of students being able to recall which Jewish tribes were expelled from Madinah and when, students can analyze what were the overriding benefits of the expulsion of these communities in preserving the interests and safety of the Muslim state in Madinah. These higher-order thinking processes not only develop a deeper understanding and appreciation for the sīrah, but in light of all the attacks and misinformation hurled against Muslims in non-Muslim majority contexts, such understanding can help young Muslims defend and take pride in their faith traditions. Furthermore, engaging in these higher-order thinking processes invites students to think about the sīrah in a more profound and introspective way, which can facilitate making real-life connections with the topic. 

Furthermore, this approach to learning the sīrah, in a more thematic way, correlates with how the Quran teaches us about the life of the Prophet ﷺ. The Quran is not a history textbook that simply describes events in chronological order. Rather, the Quran draws on events in a thematic way. This approach enables the reader to derive lessons and insights through a reflective reading of the text. In contrast, most of the discussions of sīrah at the senior levels (grades 9 to 12) of the ‘I love Islam’ curriculum primarily focuses on conflicts and wars fought by the Prophet ﷺ and his companions. Though these battles have important historical significance and are a part of the biography of the Prophet ﷺ, students are unlikely to make meaningful connections to these topics in the current context. As senior students, particularly in Western contexts, grappling with issues of identity, integration, and self-awareness, many other useful themes can be extrapolated from the sīrah to make learning this subject more meaningful to them.  

Assessment and Evaluation of Sīrah in Islamic Educational Curricula

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In the ‘I love Islam’ educational curriculum there are some basic formative assessments. However, the thrust of these questions are focused on surface-level factual information.²³Ibid.  For example, the textbooks ask basic questions relating to what the Prophet’s first job was, what was his second job, how did he help people, did people trust him, what did people call him, the name of his wife, his children, and other family members. The emphasis on assessments in the years 1 to 3 books is the recall of factual information and no real meaningful attempts for deeper or conceptual understanding. This is a common theme in the ‘I love Islam’ textbooks at the senior levels as well. The overarching approach to the curriculum of the ‘I love Islam’ series can be described as a two-dimensional approach to curriculum design.²⁴Erickson, L & Lanning, L. (2017), Concept-based curriculum and instruction for the thinking classroom. Corwin. Two-dimensional approaches to curriculum design place primary emphasis on the recall of factual knowledge and the performance of basic-level skills in relation to the content. This differs from three-dimensional approaches to curriculum design, which place a stronger emphasis on conceptual understanding in addition to the recall of basic factual information and the performance of tasks, which provides a foundation for higher-order thinking processes. Engaging with content through higher-order thinking processes enables learners to draw more real-world and personal connections with the content. Through these connections, students are able to transfer their learning into different contexts and scenarios.²⁵Ibid. Ultimately, the potential utility of applying this approach for the study of the sīrah for Muslim children is that they could derive concepts, ideas, and lessons from the sīrah that they can find resonance within different circumstances they may encounter in life. 

The Islamic Studies Standardized Tests (ISST) is a criterion-referenced instrument designed to provide schools with data on primary school students’ ability to master concepts in the fields of Quranic studies; sīrah and hadith; aqidah, fiqh, and akhlaq; and Islamic history.²⁶http://www.isstschools.com/about_isst.html The ISST is an assessment tool derived from various Islamic educational curricula, in consultation with major Islamic education schools, and conforms to the content of Islamic education textbooks including the ‘I love Islam’ series, IQRA’, Good Word, as well as other internationally renowned Islamic education textbooks.²⁷Ibid. It is useful here to describe the standards set out by the ISST for the topic of sīrah, as they are a reflection of the various learning outcomes of the Islamic educational curricula that the ISST draws from. These standards include knowledge and comprehension of the sīrah; respecting the Prophet ﷺ; interpretation of events in one’s own life through the teachings of the Prophet ﷺ; and characteristics of the Prophet ﷺ as the best role model to follow. 

Each of these standards has a set of three to six competencies, which are indicators of attainment of the standards. The first standard focuses on surface-level factual information, which typically can be characterized as important events throughout the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. These include major events like the birth of the Prophet ﷺ, the beginning of his Prophethood, his migration from Makkah to Madinah, the conquest of Makkah, and other important events. The second standard is focused on the devotional or spiritual dimension of studying the biography of the Prophet ﷺ, which should engender a sense of love and respect for the Prophet ﷺ. These first two standards form the basis of any discussion of sīrah, that is knowledge of the basic events, which constitute the historical record of the Prophet’s life, as well as knowing about the Prophet ﷺ to gain a sense of love and respect for him. These standards serve as a foundation for a program of study, which teaches the biography of the Prophet ﷺ from a religious/devotional perspective.

The next two standards of ‘interpretation of events in one’s own life through the teachings of the Prophet’, and ‘characteristics of the Prophet ﷺ as the best role model to follow’ are standards, which attempt to make the study of the sīrah meaningful and relatable to students. It is refreshing to note that these standards reflect how Islamic educational curricula, increasingly, are not only concerned with providing students with basic historical facts about the biography of the Prophet ﷺ and encouraging a sense of love and respect for him. Rather, in addition to this, there is an emphasis to relate the sīrah to lived experiences of students to make this topic meaningful and relevant. Unfortunately, the competencies for these two important standards fall short of enabling students to engage with these standards in a deep and conceptual manner. For example, in grade 2 for the standard ‘interpretation of events in one’s own life through the teachings of the Prophet’ ﷺ, one of the competencies is ‘know the importance of being truthful and honest in one’s own life’. Standards stated in such a way reflect a disconnect between experiential and meaningful implementation and simply restating information at a superficial level of understanding. The emphasis here should be on bringing these values from the sīrah into practice. As such, a better way to formulate the competency would be ‘demonstrates truthfulness and honesty in his dealings with peers’. This reformulation implies ‘knowing’ the importance of truthfulness and honesty, but builds upon and goes a step further, by working towards application in addition to knowing.

Another example of this can be seen in the same standard in a competency at the fifth grade. The competency is stated as ‘Follow the sunnah of praying on time five times a day without being told to do so’. A more meaningful conceptualization of this competency would be, ‘understands the benefits of praying five times a day on time’. This reframing potentially encapsulates the previously mentioned standard, but aims to take it a step further by making it more meaningful. Ultimately, the hope is that if students understand the benefits of praying five times a day, they would be eager to observe the prayers on time, without being told to do so. When examining the standard of ‘characteristics of the Prophet ﷺ as the best role model to follow’, we can note a similar pattern of competencies that are abstract in nature and not conceptualized to promote meaningful engagement with the topic. At the grade six level, one of the competencies for this standard is: ‘investigate the Prophet’s relations with non-Muslim neighbors and community members’. There is potential to go beyond the notion of investigating. Here, a more meaningful engagement that inculcates ‘investigating’ and goes a step further with the content would be “promoting positive interactions with community members by drawing from examples from the sirah”. Here, students will be ‘investigating’ how this was achieved through the example of the Prophet ﷺ and see the potential of enacting similar practices in their own lives. 

Conclusion: Possible Ways Forward in the Teaching of the Sīrah

The teaching of sīrah forms a foundational component of Islamic educational curricula around the world. The implementation of Islamic educational curricula in the present context poses several challenges. Among these challenges is that students may find Islamic educational curricula to be repetitive, disengaging, biased, irrelevant to their lives, and decontextualized.²⁸Abdalla, M. ‘Islamic studies in Islamic schools: Evidence-based renewal’ in Mohamad Abdalla, Dylan Chowand Muhammad Abdalla (eds), Islamic Schooling in the West (Palgrave, 2018) 257-283. There are some indications in our analysis of the ‘I love Islam’ curriculum, as well as the ISST assessment tool, that important themes are discussed. However, the topics, approaches, and assessments addressed in these mediums are repetitive, lack relevance, and fail to engage students in deep intellectual and conceptual rigor.

For the teaching of sīrah to be effective, curriculum designers need to engage in a thematic approach that goes beyond a linear narrative of the subject. The chronology of the sīrah is important and should be taught. However, educators in addition to teaching the chronology of the sīrah need to emphasize the critical themes of the sīrah that students can learn from, engage in higher-order thinking tasks with, and can work towards the affective domain through the transfer of learning to find practical and meaningful applications, in their lives and other contemporary situations and scenarios. The problem with limiting the discussion of sīrah through a linear approach is that it runs the risk of becoming repetitive and by the later grade levels, most of the discussion of sīrah revolves around state building and military conflicts, which have very little relevance to middle school and secondary aged students. As such, linear approaches to the teaching of sīrah may not always be developmentally appropriate. The underlying assumption of a linear approach is that the cognitive abilities of students are constant across developmental phases. By engaging in a thematic approach to the sīrah, important and relevant issues can be discussed at the various grade levels, taking into consideration the age appropriateness of the content and cognitive maturity and abilities of students. 

For example, the notion of civic engagement and community service, a topic relevant to elementary and middle school children, can be discussed through the theme of the charter of Madinah that established rules, regulations, and the preservation of minority rights in Madinan society. Chronologically speaking, this event took place at a later point in the sīrah, however by employing a thematic approach this topic can be discussed at a point that has meaning and relevance to students. Furthermore, senior high school students in a Western context, who may be struggling with issues relating to their identity and place in society as a marginalized minority group, could perhaps learn about the experiences of the early Muslim community that was established in Abyssinia during the Makkan period, as this was a point in the sīrah where Muslims occupied a minority status in a non-Muslim majority governed state. This theme is rarely addressed in sīrahdiscussions within Islamic educational curricula, however; it is a discussion that can be relevant and meaningful for students who occupy minority community status in non-Muslim majority nations. This theme reinforces the notion that Muslims can occupy a minority status in a community and can meaningfully be involved in that society. Furthermore, assessments on the theme of sīrah need to foster and develop deeper and conceptual understandings of the sīrah to make meaningful and real-life connections, instead of focusing on the memorization of factual, surface-level information like the dates of important events and the names of important figures, which current Islamic educational curricula are replete with.

The sīrah is an immensely important topic for Muslims and fundamental for an Islamic educational curriculum. Further research is needed to assess the quality and effectiveness of Islamic educational curricula and assessment in addressing the topic of sīrah. The insights from this article suggest a thematic approach and a shift in focus toward a conceptual understanding of the sīrah to make the topic more relevant and engaging for students. Such an approach draws similarities to the Quranic methodology of discussing the Prophet’s life events. The discussions brought forth in this article form the basis of a starting point for future directions in addressing the topic of sīrah through Islamic educational curricula in Western contexts.

Related:

– Reconstructing Our Understanding of the Sīrah – MuslimMatters.org

– Saddened-Find Comfort in the Seerah – MuslimMatters.org