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	<title>Comments on: Islamic Finance: An Introductory Course. Part-1 (Miller-Modigliani Theorem)</title>
	<atom:link href="http://muslimmatters.org/2008/11/22/islamic-finance-an-introductory-course-part-1-miller-modigliani-theorem/feed/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<link>http://muslimmatters.org/2008/11/22/islamic-finance-an-introductory-course-part-1-miller-modigliani-theorem/</link>
	<description>Discourses in the Intellectual Traditions, Political Situation, and Social Ethics of Muslim Life</description>
	<lastBuildDate>Thu, 24 May 2012 00:04:00 +0000</lastBuildDate>
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		<title>By: Muhammad Hanif</title>
		<link>http://muslimmatters.org/2008/11/22/islamic-finance-an-introductory-course-part-1-miller-modigliani-theorem/#comment-96475</link>
		<dc:creator>Muhammad Hanif</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 25 Apr 2011 08:34:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://muslimmatters.org/2008/11/22/islamic-finance-an-introductory-course-part-1-miller-modigliani-theorem/#comment-96475</guid>
		<description>AOA

Hoping for your best of health, faith and happiness.
I am pleased to introduce my book on Islamic Banking.
http://www.amazon.com/Islamic-Banking-Financial-Reporting-Perspective/dp/146107259X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1303271851&amp;sr=1-1
https://www.createspace.com/3593102

This book is result of  3 years teaching and course development for MBA Students in this area. I am confident this book addresses the questions generally raised by learners of course. This book is written in financial perspective (generally resources available are about Islamic commercial laws). This book contains summary of Islamic financial laws as well as financial impact generated by application of these laws. I hope this book will be used as text by teachers of finance in universities and learning centers around the world.

Regards</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>AOA</p>
<p>Hoping for your best of health, faith and happiness.<br />
I am pleased to introduce my book on Islamic Banking.<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Islamic-Banking-Financial-Reporting-Perspective/dp/146107259X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&#038;s=books&#038;qid=1303271851&#038;sr=1-1" rel="nofollow">http://www.amazon.com/Islamic-Banking-Financial-Reporting-Perspective/dp/146107259X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&#038;s=books&#038;qid=1303271851&#038;sr=1-1</a><br />
<a href="https://www.createspace.com/3593102" rel="nofollow">https://www.createspace.com/3593102</a></p>
<p>This book is result of  3 years teaching and course development for MBA Students in this area. I am confident this book addresses the questions generally raised by learners of course. This book is written in financial perspective (generally resources available are about Islamic commercial laws). This book contains summary of Islamic financial laws as well as financial impact generated by application of these laws. I hope this book will be used as text by teachers of finance in universities and learning centers around the world.</p>
<p>Regards</p>
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		<title>By: Muhammad Saeed Babar</title>
		<link>http://muslimmatters.org/2008/11/22/islamic-finance-an-introductory-course-part-1-miller-modigliani-theorem/#comment-80495</link>
		<dc:creator>Muhammad Saeed Babar</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 13 Nov 2010 07:12:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://muslimmatters.org/2008/11/22/islamic-finance-an-introductory-course-part-1-miller-modigliani-theorem/#comment-80495</guid>
		<description>MM theorems are nothing more than deception. They just pointed out that capital structure is relevant but said in a very provocative way &quot; under certain assumptions, it is irrelevant how the firm is financed&quot;. How two firms&#039; EBIT can be same with different debt equity ratio. Let&#039;s suppose Firms A &amp; B are identical in all respects except debt equity ratio. Firm A is financed by 100% equity whereas Firm B is financed by 50:50 Debt  Equity ratio. Firm B has to have greater EBIT than Firm A to be on the same footings as Firm A. Because firm A has no obligation to earn enough to cover for interest expenses whereas it is obligatory on firm B to make sure to earn enough to cover for interest as well as something for equity holders.

So on theoretical fronts even the MM theorem I has no validity. There is no mention of this caveat in their writings. They simply assumed that EBIT to be enough to cover everything and be same for both firms whereas this is not the case.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>MM theorems are nothing more than deception. They just pointed out that capital structure is relevant but said in a very provocative way &#8221; under certain assumptions, it is irrelevant how the firm is financed&#8221;. How two firms&#8217; EBIT can be same with different debt equity ratio. Let&#8217;s suppose Firms A &amp; B are identical in all respects except debt equity ratio. Firm A is financed by 100% equity whereas Firm B is financed by 50:50 Debt  Equity ratio. Firm B has to have greater EBIT than Firm A to be on the same footings as Firm A. Because firm A has no obligation to earn enough to cover for interest expenses whereas it is obligatory on firm B to make sure to earn enough to cover for interest as well as something for equity holders.</p>
<p>So on theoretical fronts even the MM theorem I has no validity. There is no mention of this caveat in their writings. They simply assumed that EBIT to be enough to cover everything and be same for both firms whereas this is not the case.</p>
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		<title>By: amazed</title>
		<link>http://muslimmatters.org/2008/11/22/islamic-finance-an-introductory-course-part-1-miller-modigliani-theorem/#comment-44016</link>
		<dc:creator>amazed</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 30 May 2009 17:39:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://muslimmatters.org/2008/11/22/islamic-finance-an-introductory-course-part-1-miller-modigliani-theorem/#comment-44016</guid>
		<description>to the author:
-------------------
Asalam Alaikum. Can you please advice on the following matter?

My bank is offering  a &#039;Mudaraba account&#039; which requires me to deposit money from my current account to this account. The benefits are:

1) annual profit that changes as per the assets of the bank . Thus relating the profit to the profit from the shariah compliant activity that the bank claims it earns it from. Hence not fixed like Riba.

2) I can withdraw the cash and deposit in this account just like my current account.

Please tell me if i will still be indulging in riba? Thanks</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>to the author:<br />
&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<br />
Asalam Alaikum. Can you please advice on the following matter?</p>
<p>My bank is offering  a &#8216;Mudaraba account&#8217; which requires me to deposit money from my current account to this account. The benefits are:</p>
<p>1) annual profit that changes as per the assets of the bank . Thus relating the profit to the profit from the shariah compliant activity that the bank claims it earns it from. Hence not fixed like Riba.</p>
<p>2) I can withdraw the cash and deposit in this account just like my current account.</p>
<p>Please tell me if i will still be indulging in riba? Thanks</p>
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		<title>By: Amad</title>
		<link>http://muslimmatters.org/2008/11/22/islamic-finance-an-introductory-course-part-1-miller-modigliani-theorem/#comment-32771</link>
		<dc:creator>Amad</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 27 Nov 2008 17:34:49 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://muslimmatters.org/2008/11/22/islamic-finance-an-introductory-course-part-1-miller-modigliani-theorem/#comment-32771</guid>
		<description>Gohar, let me say it differently then. If you have a bag of mixed quality/value nuts, lets say cashews, almonds and peanuts. Cashew being more expensive than peanuts and almonds.  Now, what if you remove all the cashews. The remaining price of the almonds and peanuts mixture would be lower. So, by taking the expensive stuff out, you have lowered the price of the remaining mixture.  And if the market is efficient and prices of almonds, peanuts and cashews are fixed and known, then separating cashews out will give you the price of almonds and peanuts. Ultimately, you have not added any value, but just separated a more valuable component out.

As for the skim milk and cream. When you take the cream out, the price of the skim milk actually goes down (it HAS to be less than the price of the whole milk-- if it was not, then everyone would buy whole milk, separate skim milk and cream out, and make lots of money... so there is arbitrage opportunity that should not otherwise exist in a perfect market). So the price of skim milk + cream remains equal to the price of whole milk (we are of course assuming that separation costs are zero).  By separating the cream out, you have made the remaining &quot;left-over&quot; less valuable, with total value remaining constant. 

When companies add debt, the banks/debt-holders have FIRST rights to the company&#039;s cash flows. So, it makes the risk of the equity-holders who are next in line higher, and thus the rate of return they demand higher.  The higher the rate of return demanded, the lower the value of the investment.  If I go further along on return/risk, I think things will get confusing.  So, I hope you understand the analogy at least.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Gohar, let me say it differently then. If you have a bag of mixed quality/value nuts, lets say cashews, almonds and peanuts. Cashew being more expensive than peanuts and almonds.  Now, what if you remove all the cashews. The remaining price of the almonds and peanuts mixture would be lower. So, by taking the expensive stuff out, you have lowered the price of the remaining mixture.  And if the market is efficient and prices of almonds, peanuts and cashews are fixed and known, then separating cashews out will give you the price of almonds and peanuts. Ultimately, you have not added any value, but just separated a more valuable component out.</p>
<p>As for the skim milk and cream. When you take the cream out, the price of the skim milk actually goes down (it HAS to be less than the price of the whole milk&#8211; if it was not, then everyone would buy whole milk, separate skim milk and cream out, and make lots of money&#8230; so there is arbitrage opportunity that should not otherwise exist in a perfect market). So the price of skim milk + cream remains equal to the price of whole milk (we are of course assuming that separation costs are zero).  By separating the cream out, you have made the remaining &#8220;left-over&#8221; less valuable, with total value remaining constant. </p>
<p>When companies add debt, the banks/debt-holders have FIRST rights to the company&#8217;s cash flows. So, it makes the risk of the equity-holders who are next in line higher, and thus the rate of return they demand higher.  The higher the rate of return demanded, the lower the value of the investment.  If I go further along on return/risk, I think things will get confusing.  So, I hope you understand the analogy at least.</p>
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		<title>By: Gohar</title>
		<link>http://muslimmatters.org/2008/11/22/islamic-finance-an-introductory-course-part-1-miller-modigliani-theorem/#comment-32765</link>
		<dc:creator>Gohar</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 27 Nov 2008 17:02:32 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://muslimmatters.org/2008/11/22/islamic-finance-an-introductory-course-part-1-miller-modigliani-theorem/#comment-32765</guid>
		<description>I&#039;m struggling with most of this, I admit. For now can you help me understand where I am going wrong with the milk tub analogy.

In my mind, if the cream is a desired item and therefore worth more sold as cream than as part of whole milk, then selling seperate items of cream and skimmed milk should be worth more than the value of whole milk as a single product (assuming that that skimmed milk isn&#039;t worth any less than whole milk, of course).  But the analogy is saying that it should bring the same price.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I&#8217;m struggling with most of this, I admit. For now can you help me understand where I am going wrong with the milk tub analogy.</p>
<p>In my mind, if the cream is a desired item and therefore worth more sold as cream than as part of whole milk, then selling seperate items of cream and skimmed milk should be worth more than the value of whole milk as a single product (assuming that that skimmed milk isn&#8217;t worth any less than whole milk, of course).  But the analogy is saying that it should bring the same price.</p>
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		<title>By: abulhassan</title>
		<link>http://muslimmatters.org/2008/11/22/islamic-finance-an-introductory-course-part-1-miller-modigliani-theorem/#comment-32725</link>
		<dc:creator>abulhassan</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 27 Nov 2008 09:45:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://muslimmatters.org/2008/11/22/islamic-finance-an-introductory-course-part-1-miller-modigliani-theorem/#comment-32725</guid>
		<description>THIS IS REALLY GREAT. Jazakum Allahu khair Amad.....Keep it coming!!!!</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>THIS IS REALLY GREAT. Jazakum Allahu khair Amad&#8230;..Keep it coming!!!!</p>
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		<title>By: Faiza</title>
		<link>http://muslimmatters.org/2008/11/22/islamic-finance-an-introductory-course-part-1-miller-modigliani-theorem/#comment-32608</link>
		<dc:creator>Faiza</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 26 Nov 2008 06:43:08 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description>Agreed, brother! Jazakallahu Khair..</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Agreed, brother! Jazakallahu Khair..</p>
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		<title>By: hk</title>
		<link>http://muslimmatters.org/2008/11/22/islamic-finance-an-introductory-course-part-1-miller-modigliani-theorem/#comment-32601</link>
		<dc:creator>hk</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 26 Nov 2008 04:53:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://muslimmatters.org/2008/11/22/islamic-finance-an-introductory-course-part-1-miller-modigliani-theorem/#comment-32601</guid>
		<description>i was trying to gather in-depth info on riba (and islamic finance in general) for a non-muslim friend... and you know, there is virtually nothing out there? looking forward to that post, inshaAllah.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>i was trying to gather in-depth info on riba (and islamic finance in general) for a non-muslim friend&#8230; and you know, there is virtually nothing out there? looking forward to that post, inshaAllah.</p>
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		<title>By: Ahmad AlFarsi</title>
		<link>http://muslimmatters.org/2008/11/22/islamic-finance-an-introductory-course-part-1-miller-modigliani-theorem/#comment-32576</link>
		<dc:creator>Ahmad AlFarsi</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 25 Nov 2008 16:21:26 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://muslimmatters.org/2008/11/22/islamic-finance-an-introductory-course-part-1-miller-modigliani-theorem/#comment-32576</guid>
		<description>again, it comes back to the loan being an act of charity, so if you incur a loss (even of a real commodity), due to the fluctuation of the value of that commodity over time, it is reasonable, as you had expected that you might incur a loss before engaging in this charity.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>again, it comes back to the loan being an act of charity, so if you incur a loss (even of a real commodity), due to the fluctuation of the value of that commodity over time, it is reasonable, as you had expected that you might incur a loss before engaging in this charity.</p>
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		<title>By: Faiza</title>
		<link>http://muslimmatters.org/2008/11/22/islamic-finance-an-introductory-course-part-1-miller-modigliani-theorem/#comment-32556</link>
		<dc:creator>Faiza</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 25 Nov 2008 04:13:14 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://muslimmatters.org/2008/11/22/islamic-finance-an-introductory-course-part-1-miller-modigliani-theorem/#comment-32556</guid>
		<description>We have CPI and WPI eveywhere to calculate inflation. Here in India we had inflation (calculated based on WPI) that rose up to as high as 12% this year and now came down to somewhere around 8%. But the prices of necessary commodities do not directly reflect this variation and the prices are still high.

The issue that I raised is to think what determines the value of money or the purchasing power, which may be different for different people. For a richer person, a 10% increase in his grocery bills is not going to make much difference, but it will make lots for a person with a lesser income. We see gadgets becoming cheaper and grocery dearer day by day.

Apart from buying and selling treasury stocks, the Apex bank of a country may increase/decrease the interest rate in order to control the money supply. Though not entirely, inflation is largely influenced by interest. 

Brother Ahmad AlFarsi, I agree with your summary. But of late the prices of gold has been fluctuating like anything, there has been a 10% variation in a period of just 3 weeks. Just a day before Eid, the price climbed 8% in a day. What do we do in that case?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>We have CPI and WPI eveywhere to calculate inflation. Here in India we had inflation (calculated based on WPI) that rose up to as high as 12% this year and now came down to somewhere around 8%. But the prices of necessary commodities do not directly reflect this variation and the prices are still high.</p>
<p>The issue that I raised is to think what determines the value of money or the purchasing power, which may be different for different people. For a richer person, a 10% increase in his grocery bills is not going to make much difference, but it will make lots for a person with a lesser income. We see gadgets becoming cheaper and grocery dearer day by day.</p>
<p>Apart from buying and selling treasury stocks, the Apex bank of a country may increase/decrease the interest rate in order to control the money supply. Though not entirely, inflation is largely influenced by interest. </p>
<p>Brother Ahmad AlFarsi, I agree with your summary. But of late the prices of gold has been fluctuating like anything, there has been a 10% variation in a period of just 3 weeks. Just a day before Eid, the price climbed 8% in a day. What do we do in that case?</p>
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